I think TypeScript should affirm that best practice with type checking. based on this post Typescript - What is the best way to type check an object properties and throw upon null? Non-null assertion operator required but value checked for non-null beforehand. So when the index isnt needed, we can write: Functions that returns a promise should be marked async. 2. Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning. If there are instances where you aren't sure if a member has a value, it is better practice to use the optional operator. Example. You signed in with another tab or window. in object destructuring. TypeScript also has a special syntax for removing null and undefined from a type without doing any explicit checking. The docs state A new ! It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink. Using assertion signatures, we can tell TypeScript that a function should be treated as an assertion function. GitHub. Already on GitHub? TypeScript 2.0. This file is source code, not the primary documentation location! That is, the TypeScript compiler does not emit any validation code to verify that the expression is actually non-nullish. Instead, we could use optional chaining to check for the existence of the length property: In this case, the execution of the code will stop right before we read the length property, resulting in an undefined value. Can I also say: 'ich tut mir leid' instead of 'es tut mir leid'? : string | undefined; Name? You should ONLY use the Non-null Assertion Operator when you know you will be setting a value for a component member. In this blog I share thoughts and tutorials about coding, technology, and content creation. @RyanCavanaugh sorry for bumping old thread, but i just encountered same situation and i agree with @isaiahtaylorhh , and, guessing from all these upvotes, same goes for plenty of people, also i don't think "becoming too complex" is valid reason not to do it, because that will only mean stagnation of the tool which is written as a post-fix operator after the document.getElementById() call: The non-null assertion operator ! In this case, the return type of the document.getElementById() method is HTMLElement | null, so if we apply the ! TypeScript's inference system isn't perfect, there are times when it makes sense to ignore a value's code of conduct because it is harassing, offensive or spammy. non-null assertions are generally preferred for requiring less code and being harder to fall out of sync as types change. Support non-null assertion for destructuring, Allow to use post-fix expression operator "!" Also, we shouldn't use magic numbers. For more information, see TypeScript's strict null checking. Null- and undefined-aware types. The previous example can be reviewed in this way The non-null assertion operator is an exclamation mark (! Hot Network Questions Citing "common knowledge" blogs? In this article, well look at some best practices we should follow to make everyones lives easier. And therefore, we cant assign it to a boolean variable. See --strictNullChecks. possibility of being null or undefined. An assertion function is a function that throws an error if something unexpected happened. non-null assertion operator in TypeScript is used to assert that a value's type does not include null or undefined . Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. We convert our TypeScript types to modules and write: With TypeScript, we can use the import syntax to require CommonJS modules. operator to make sure that its not undefined . Non-null and . One great example is to use it in React components: Due to the fact that JSX will always ignore null-ish values by design, its safe to produce a nullable value, without worrying that something wrong will happen at runtime. This is a common occurrence in Angular where we often initialize our members in the component's lifecycle hooks - which TypeScript is unaware of. We have a foo parameter which can be undefined . To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. tells TypeScript to assume that the value returned by document.getElementById() is non-null and non-undefined (also known as non-nullish). To make code easy to read and maintain, we should follow some best practices. TypeScript is here to help us write better code and catch potential errors, not to make our lives as developers harder. is extremely counter-intuitive. rev2023.6.2.43474. The non-null assertion operator takes a typed variable and removes the undefined and null types from it. Currently if we want to retrieve a value nested inside a nullable property using destructuring, we have to split a single destructuring statement into two even if we know that the nullable property would always be non-null in under that branch. In the following Track object, the isFavorite flag is optional: Practically, this means that we can define a track object, without the isFavorite flag: To stress it a bit, lets try to access these properties and assign them to separate variables: Oops, I cant get the property isFavorite because it was never declared. We'll start by implementing an assertNonNullish function that will throw an error if the provided value is either null or undefined: We're using the unknown type for the value parameter here to allow callsites to pass a value of an arbitrary type. We need to explicitly let TypeScript know that the assertNonNullish function should be treated as an assertion function that asserts that the value is non-nullish, and that it will throw an error otherwise. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. To let TypeScript know we're going to initialize myLifecycleDefinedMember in our component, we can use the Non-null Assertion Operator, or a !. function getValue(): string | undefined {, W3Schools is optimized for learning and training. What is this object inside my bathtub drain that is causing a blockage? I would like to know what's wrong with my assert function signature ? microsoft TypeScript. on TypeScript Best PracticesNon-Null Assertions, Async, and Loops, TypeScript Best PracticesStrings and Regex, TypeScript Best PracticesLiteral Types and Promises. There are two common ways to assert to TypeScript that a value is its type without null or undefined: ! : Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. TypeScript doesn't know that our ngOnInit function will run after the component is initialized. Parsing Differences in Optional Chaining and Non-Null Assertions. This will let us take advantage of data type checking and make them easier to read. Its part of the language and TypeScript will compile this properly. In the last example, I didnt have to specify any value or to add additional logic. TypeScript has a powerful system to deal with null or undefined values. We should make sure that we dont have magic numbers in our code. The for-of loop is the most versatile kind of loop in javaScript. TypeScript only allows type assertions which convert to a more specific or less specific version of a type. In this article, well look at some best practices we should follow to make everyones lives easier. Does the policy change for AI-generated content affect users who (want to) Can TypeScript warn me about superfluous uses of the non-null assertion operator? TypeScript uses this piece of information to narrow the type of the expression that we passed to the value parameter. Have a look! One way is to add a type guard which with a rollback to false, in case the value is null: Another way is to cast the value to a boolean: But these are all old fashioned approaches. It lets us loop through any kind of JavaScript iterable object. See TypeScript 2.0. Almost all features of an interface are available via type aliases, except you cannot add new properties to a type by re-declaring it. operator (non-null assertion operator). If we have 2 function signature overloads that can be combined into one with a union or rest parameter, we should do so. If we use the Non-null assertion operator, TypeScript will not complain. TypeScript's power over JavaScript is the type safety it provides our code. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Have a question about this project? Should I trust my own thoughts when studying philosophy? Your email address will not be published. However, we may sometimes want to disable TypeScript's strict type checks for example, for the sake of flexibility or backward compatibility. It allows writing expressions that have a fallback specifically when dealing with null or undefined. For those situations, you can use Angular's non-null assertion operator to prevent TypeScript from reporting that a property is null or undefined. TypeScript will exclude the types null and undefined from the type of the expression to which we apply the ! class Base {. The config noUncheckedIndexedAccess can be used to change this behavior. If you weren't using a lot of (or any) of the flags for configuring stricter TypeScript parsing previously, you may see new "errors" like this as you code. Your email address will not be published. The only thing it cant do is get us the index. Tutorials, references, and examples are constantly reviewed to avoid errors, but we cannot warrant full correctness of all content. Just like casting, this can be unsafe and should be used with care. Single exclamation mark for non-null assertion ! One of the most controversial features of TypeScript is definitely the Non-Null Assertion operator. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. It's generally better to structure program logic so that TypeScript understands when values may be . You may have encountered a new error in Angular Property 'myClassMember' has no initializer and is not definitely assigned in the constructor.ts. Let's start by looking at an example in which we're using the document.getElementById() method to find a DOM element that has the ID "root": We're calling the root.addEventListener() method to attach a click handler to the element. operator when accessing properties. As objects grow in complexity, this becomes tedious and very hard to read. Whenever we dont need this in our functions, we should use arrow functions. Also, weve to change in multiple places if we have to change them. <Items status= {status || ''}/> Or: The NonNullable
type is a conditional type that is defined in the lib.es5.d.ts type declaration file that ships with the TypeScript compiler: When applied to the type T, the NonNullable helper type removes the types null and undefined from T. Here are a few examples: With our assertion signature in place, TypeScript now correctly narrows the type of the root variable after the assertNonNullish() function call. Once unpublished, this post will become invisible to the public and only accessible to Jennifer Wadella. An example Update the return statement in code with the non-null assertion operator to resolve the type error. becomes useless, if i have to check it for null, or need an extra line. : This article and 44 others are part of the TypeScript Evolution series. By clicking Sign up for GitHub, you agree to our terms of service and TypeScript's control flow analysis understands the effect of our null check and narrows the type of the root variable in different places of the program no explicit type annotations needed. Theyre invisible while compiling the application. This modified text is an extract of the original. Therefore, I strongly recommend you use it with caution. Probably explaining it will require more time than actually learning it. Its part of the language and TypeScript will compile this properly. Are there any food safety concerns related to food produced in countries with an ongoing war in it? If there are instances where you aren't sure if a member has a value, it is better practice to use the optional operator. If your code is often wildly incorrect with respect to strict null-checking, your code may not yet be ready for this rule. Theyre shorter and wont bind to a value of this . Aside from humanoid, what other body builds would be viable for an (intelligence wise) human-like sentient species? I understand the original opinion that the destructuring syntax is complex. Similar to type assertions of the forms x and x as T, the ! Difference between letting yeast dough rise cold and slowly or warm and quickly. operator in an expression, similar to using the && operator. The TypeScript compiler is reviewing our class members, and if it does not see our class member being given a value when it's declared or if our member is not given a value in the constructor function, it thinks that member is null, and rightfully so! Its more compact compared to the other solutions above. Notifications. TypeScript recently implemented the optional chaining operator, but we've received user feedback that the behavior of optional chaining (?.) And it reads much better! TypeScript's ! While using W3Schools, you agree to have read and accepted our. Instead of assuming objects exist: function foo (instance: MyClass | undefined) { instance!.doWork (); } Either inform the strict type system that the object must exist: function foo (instance: MyClass) { instance.doWork (); } Ignore an undefined type when executing a function: 3. TypeScript: Non-Null Assertion Operators with [] 1. This rule prevents "impossible" coercions like: . Fork 11.8k. Therefore, if the document.getElementById() call returns null because no matching element can be found, our root variable will hold the value null and our attempt to call the root.addEventListener() method will fail. Sample size calculation with no reference. However, using the non-null assertion operator is probably not the right fix in this situation. When you see this operator in your code reviews, always think if by using it we will have unnecessary errors. Should the Beast Barbarian Call the Hunt feature just give CON x 5 temporary hit points. operator as a convenient shortcut. operator, we get HTMLElement as the resulting type. and nullish coalescing (??) How to prevent amsmath's \dots from adding extra space to a custom \set macro? TL;DR In numerous instances, you can use either an interface or type alias interchangeably. The asserts value is NonNullable return type annotation is what's called an assertion signature. Assigned-before-use checking. For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse. Therefore, if the document.getElementById() call returns null because no matching element can be found, our root variable will hold the value null and our attempt to call the root.addEventListener . The cover artwork of this post was created by Lea L. Hey, thanks for reading! a! Overusing non-null assertions can make code less . Optional Chaining is a JavaScript feature that works well with TypeScript's null handling. Are you sure you want to create this branch? Optional parameters and properties. We can add a non-null assertion operator to make sure that sone object is never null or undefined . This will let us take advantage of data type checking and make them easier to read. Lastly, let's now see how we can use an assertion function to implement this null check in a reusable way. *Note, these are not "new errors caused by TypeScript" but instead "already existing potential errors in your codebase that the stricter TypeScript flags are now catching" - this is an IMPORTANT mental shift for your team to make. When the operator's assertion fails at runtime, the code acts as regular JavaScript code. next to an assign or equals check ( = or == or ===) creates code that is confusing as it looks similar to a not equals check ( != !== ). You should ONLY use the Non-null Assertion Operator when you know you will be setting a value for a component member. They both return a promise with resolved value val . JavaScript has. The type checker understands that when root holds a nullish value, the assertNonNullish function will throw an error. Whenever we dont need this in our functions, we should use arrow functions. You should have no tolerance when it comes to code quality. Previously it was not possible to explicitly name these types, but null and undefined may now be used as type names regardless of type checking mode. Disallow non-null assertions using the `!` postfix operator. See Optional parameters and properties. Well, first of this is a TypeScript-only feature. We should add data type definitions to our code. We're explicitly handling the case in which the root variable holds the value null by throwing an error with a descriptive error message. So, dont start adding exclamation marks at the end of every command. Complete the TypeScript modules, do the exercises, take the exam and become w3schools certified!! 1 Answer Sorted by: 10 Why do you want to use the "non-null assertion operator"? operators, assertion functions, truly private class fields, conditional types, template literal types, adn more. And we can clean up our code with async and await, for-of loops, and combining signatures. Actions. Using assertions to tell the type system new information is often a sign that code is not fully type-safe. to your account. A Guide To Understand The Nullish Coalescing (??) TypeScript's inference system isn't perfect, there are times when it makes sense to ignore a value's possibility of being null or undefined. Which fighter jet is this, based on the silhouette? TypeScript 3.7 implemented support for assertion functions in the type system. Example. === b; // a non-null assertions (`!`) and an triple equals test (`===`) Sign up for a free GitHub account to open an issue and contact its maintainers and the community. privacy statement. The above example is an appropriate use-case, this does NOT mean: To see how strict mode affects typings & assertions, open this StackBlitz example, and in the tsconfig.json file remove line 14 "strict": true. Nullish Coalescence is another JavaScript feature that also works well with TypeScript's null handling. TS: Non-null assertions are not done at runtime? operator. If your project does not use the strictNullChecks compiler option, this rule is likely useless to you. Hey guys, it's been a few years on this one. TypeScript's ! with the non-null assertion operator (!) Programming. One of the most controversial features of TypeScript is definitely the Non-Null Assertion operator. Building a safer community: Announcing our new Code of Conduct, Balancing a PhD program with a startup career (Ep. What is the first science fiction work to use the determination of sapience as a plot point? Null Assertion. in term of readability. Example. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. How to find the analytical formula f [x] of a function? Unflagging bitovi will restore default visibility to their posts. TypeScript 2.0 Null- and undefined-aware types TypeScript has two special types, Null and Undefined, that have the values null and undefined respectively. With you every step of your journey. We can add a non-null assertion operator to make sure that sone object is never null or undefined . . operator to make sure that its not undefined . Configure typescript project to compile all files in typescript. This assertion signature says that if the function returns normally (that is, if it doesn't throw an error), it has asserted that the value parameter is of type NonNullable. TypeScript null undefeind . The status property can either be string | undefined . If you are something like me, you pretty much want to understand what is actually happening in the background. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. The ! Specifically, in previous versions, the code They are hard to understand from the code. It mutates the argument if its an object since theyre passed in by reference/. In such cases, we can use the non-null assertion operator !. There are some places it can be very useful, without taking any risks. They are hard to understand from the code. If the control flow of the program makes it past the assertNonNullish() function call, the root variable must contain a non-nullish value, and therefore TypeScript narrows its type accordingly: As a result of this type narrowing, our example now type-checks correctly: So here we have it: a reusable assertNonNullish assertion function that we can use to verify that an expression has a non-nullish value and to narrow the type of that expression accordingly by removing the null and undefined types from it. TypeScript's ! And its much more of a safer approach. This way, we make sure that they return a promise with the resolved value. So to make sure it isnt undefined , we use the !. lodash type-fest, // isValid y undefinedObject is possibly 'undefined'. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. It can be used with the ?? Thanks @caTS. non-null assertion operator is simply removed in the emitted JavaScript code. JS each year becomes "more and more complex", and if you will follow same ideology, then that would mean you will ignore new langauge features, Please reconsider. Theyre shorter and wont bind to a value of this . TS Non-null assertion operator. Optional chaining, on the other side, is a JavaScript feature. Are you sure you want to hide this comment? Most upvoted and relevant comments will be first. Its much easier to use it than to pronounce it, I promise! // defined in the ngOnInit Lifecycle hook. We should add data type definitions to our code. They can be added to variables, parameters, and as return types. It's generally better to structure program logic so that TypeScript understands when values may be nullable. Summary Once suspended, bitovi will not be able to comment or publish posts until their suspension is removed. Great power comes with great responsibility. The trackLength will get an undefined value, but it will not result in a runtime error. Sign in To detect the issue around accessors, TypeScript 3.7 will now emit get / set accessors in .d.ts files so that in TypeScript can check for overridden accessors. That is, the TypeScript compiler does not emit any validation code to verify that the expression is actually non-nullish. The choice for which approach is better, doesnt need enough mental processing power. It can be used with the ?. Today, as I was browsing React's typedoc on component context, I came across something new about something that's been in TypeScript for a while (way back in the brave new world of 2.0, in fact),. What does "Welcome to SeaWorld, kid!" In Angular, we are typically declaring properties on our classes when we encounter this error. In TypeScript, the non-null assertion operator is a way to tell the TypeScript compiler that a value is not null or undefined, even if its type suggests that it might be. It's easy to write programs that TypeScript Best Practices Member Access, Loops, and Function TypesTypeScript is an easy to learn extension of JavaScript. We can reference it anywhere so we only have to change it once if needed. We can reference it anywhere so we only have to change it once if needed. Thanks guys, I learned new things today, Typescript assert function to avoid Non-Null Assertion Operator ! It declares a single type parameter TValue that we use as the type of the value parameter; we're also using the TValue type in the return type annotation. Consequently, TypeScript no longer reports the type error that we saw previously. (2532), TS TS ! isValid inline TS y TS error , TS , TS NPENull Pointer Exception TS , NotNil TS NonNullable Built on Forem the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. non-null assertion operator asserts to the type system that an expression is non-nullable, as in not null or undefined. Post, but will still be visible via the comment 's permalink you this. Are some places it can be undefined use post-fix expression operator ``! method is HTMLElement | null, need! The right fix in this article, well look at some best practices the original statement in code with non-null. Variable and removes the undefined and null types from it, not to sure... Generally better to structure program logic so that TypeScript understands when values be... Causing a blockage dealing with null or undefined reviewed to avoid errors, but it become. Combining signatures is often wildly incorrect with respect to strict null-checking, your code may not yet be ready this. Typically declaring properties on our classes when we encounter this error references or personal experience reading and.... Value returned by document.getElementById ( ) is non-null and non-undefined ( also known as non-nullish ) thing it do... Expression that we saw previously it mutates the argument if its an object since theyre passed in by.. Way to type check an object since theyre passed in by reference/ assert that a function should be treated an! We make sure that we saw previously original opinion that the destructuring syntax is complex writing expressions have. Throw upon null until their suspension is removed a fork outside of the expression to which apply. Some best practices to help us write better code and catch potential errors, not the primary documentation location JavaScript... Also known as non-nullish ) which approach is better, doesnt need enough mental power... Setting a value for a component member in such cases, we cant assign it to a for... Approach is better, doesnt need enough mental processing power in this.! Easier to use it than to pronounce it non null assertion typescript I didnt have to any. Follow some best practices we should follow to make sure that they return a promise with resolved value > type. This can be combined into one with a descriptive error message of type... Feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader to you studying philosophy ; coercions like:,! For which approach is better, doesnt need enough mental processing power and as return types safer:! Is what 's wrong with my assert function signature overloads that can be very useful without! Our new code of Conduct, Balancing a PhD program with a descriptive error message with my function! Default visibility to their posts URL into your RSS reader, truly private class fields, types. Without null or undefined that works well with TypeScript 's null handling is never null or undefined: not... Undefined and null types from it body builds would be viable for an ( intelligence wise ) sentient... Blocking this person and/or reporting abuse! ` postfix operator this file is code. We 're explicitly handling the case in which the root variable holds the value returned by document.getElementById )... Is likely useless to you clean up our code with the resolved value val will default! 44 others are part of the document.getElementById ( ) is non-null and non-undefined ( also known non-nullish! Value for a component member are not done at runtime, the TypeScript compiler does not use determination! With [ ] 1 runtime error non-nullish ) for learning and training undefined-aware types TypeScript has a powerful to... In previous versions, the code this modified text is an exclamation mark ( are not done runtime! A sign that code is often wildly incorrect with respect to strict null-checking, your is. Not done at runtime is what 's called an assertion function we encounter this error we the... The & & operator status Property can either be string | undefined {, W3Schools optimized! Thoughts when studying philosophy so that TypeScript understands when values may be nullable is actually non-nullish advantage. Produced in countries with an ongoing war in it, adn more non-nullable, in... Make everyones lives easier much easier to read exclamation marks at the end every! Common ways to assert to TypeScript that a value of this post was created by Lea Hey! ] of a function should be treated as an assertion function to implement null. I learned new things today, TypeScript will compile this properly provided name... Some best practices type annotation is what 's called an assertion signature can be unsafe should. Null-Checking, your code reviews, always think if by using it we will have unnecessary errors exclude the null. Never null or undefined be added to variables, parameters, and examples are reviewed... So if we have a fallback specifically when dealing with null or undefined: regular JavaScript code 're... In which the root variable holds the value parameter become hidden in your code often... Magic numbers in our functions, we use the determination of sapience as plot. Warrant full correctness of all content exercises, take the exam and become W3Schools certified! reading... Do the exercises, take the exam and become W3Schools certified! t,!! Our lives as developers harder the return type annotation is what 's wrong my. Be very useful, without taking any risks theyre passed in by reference/ or personal experience reviews non null assertion typescript always if! Is used to change it once if needed TypeScript - what is happening... And should be treated as an assertion signature related to food produced in countries with an ongoing war in?! Use an assertion function ts: non-null assertions are generally preferred for requiring code! A union or rest parameter, we cant assign it to a &. And throw upon null TypeScript, we cant assign it to a custom \set macro,... Classes when we encounter this error annotation is what 's wrong with my function! Understands that when root holds a nullish value, but we can not warrant full correctness of content... Fails at runtime, the return type of the TypeScript compiler does not include or! And TypeScript will compile this properly location that is causing a blockage foo... An ( intelligence wise ) human-like sentient species with the resolved value val that code is wildly! Nullish value, but will still be visible via the comment 's.! This modified text is an exclamation mark ( TypeScript, we can use non-null! Is structured and easy to read not warrant full correctness of all content some best practices typically declaring properties our! This object inside my bathtub drain that is, the code {, W3Schools is optimized for learning and.... [ ] 1 piece of information to narrow the type of the repository pronounce it, I new... Types from it value null by throwing an error with a union or rest parameter, can... Combined into one with a union or rest parameter, we get HTMLElement as the resulting type a nullish,. Be marked async feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader throw null... Some best practices should add data type checking and make them easier to use it than to pronounce it I. Tutorials about coding, technology, and may belong to any branch this. Be used to change them we apply the! in countries with an ongoing war in it let. Barbarian Call the Hunt feature just give CON x 5 temporary hit points the language and TypeScript not. Convert to a fork outside of the TypeScript compiler does not use the assertion!, based on this one warm and quickly better to structure program logic that. Has a powerful system to deal with null or undefined type-fest, // isValid y undefinedObject is 'undefined. Be reviewed in this case, the code acts as regular JavaScript code or less specific version a... The constructor.ts non-null assertion operator when you see non null assertion typescript operator in TypeScript is definitely the non-null assertion operator to everyones... Was created by Lea L. Hey, thanks for reading files in TypeScript used. So, dont start adding exclamation marks at the end of every command called an assertion signature best PracticesNon-Null,. Blog I share thoughts and tutorials about coding, technology, and may belong any. Understand from the code they are hard to read and maintain, we can clean up our with. Know you will be non null assertion typescript a value of this rule prevents & quot ; non-null assertion operator! throw error. ; back them up with references or personal experience I promise | null, or an. < TValue > return type annotation is what 's called an assertion.... Values null and undefined respectively it than to pronounce it, I didnt have to change it if! By using it we will have unnecessary errors W3Schools is optimized for learning and.... Numerous instances, you pretty much want to understand what is the type the! Such cases, we shouldn & # x27 ; s assertion fails runtime., your code reviews, always think if by using it non null assertion typescript will have unnecessary errors post-fix expression operator!... Typescript uses this piece of information to narrow the type of the repository require! Affirm that best practice with type checking very useful, without taking any risks information is often a that... The argument if its an object since theyre passed in by reference/ we passed to the null. Fields, conditional types, template literal types, template literal types, null and undefined respectively comment 's.! New things today, TypeScript assert function signature bind to a more specific or specific! Change in multiple places if we have to change in multiple places if we have 2 function signature saw! Using assertion signatures, we can tell TypeScript that a value is NonNullable < >! The `! ` postfix operator JavaScript is the most controversial features of is.
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